Solar flares catalog

The DRGE (Detector of the Roentgen and Gamma Emission) instrument is developed for measurements of X- and gamma-emission in the energy range 0.01-3.0 MeV, electrons with energies E = 0.2 − 15 MeV and protons with E = 4 − 100 MeV. The instrument consists of three units: two identical units DRGE-1 and DRGE-2 as well as unit DRGE-3. All instrument units include detectors, electronics, frames, and fixing elements, and are connected with the electronic unit DE responsible for data storage and preparing for telemetry. Most of the results presented in this article are obtained by DRGE-1 and DRGE-2. Both the DRGE-1 and DRGE-2 units contain two identical detector blocks, including a NaI(Tl)/CsI(Tl) phoswich viewed by a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The diameter of both scintillators is 13 cm, while the NaI(Tl) thickness is 0.3 cm, and the CsI(Tl) thickness is 1.7 cm. The 11 cm diameter Hammamatsu R877 PMT faces both scintillators, and electronic signals from the PMT are digitized and processed by special electronic circuitry. The axes of the DRGE-1 and DRGE-2 detectors are directed toward to the local nadir with about 3^◦ accuracy. The NaI(Tl) is placed on top of the CsI(Tl) crystal. In this configuration, the NaI(Tl) scintillator is the main detector for hard X-ray timing, while the CsI(Tl) unit is used as an active shield, and it can also detect gamma rays with energies of up to a few MeV. More detailed description of the instruments operated onboard Vernov can be found in [Panasyuk et al. (2016) Advances in Space Research 57, 835].